Design of IoT-Based Smart Hydroponic Farming with Solar Energy for Sustainable and Precision Crop Production
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Conventional hydroponic farming systems frequently encounter limitations related to unstable environmental control, suboptimal nutrient management, and strong dependence on grid-based electricity, which collectively hinder their sustainability and scalability, particularly in remote or energy-constrained regions. Recent studies have explored smart hydroponic technologies. However, many remain reliant on external power sources or lack integrated, autonomous control of multiple critical growth parameters. Therefore, this problem reveals a research gap in the development of fully self-powered and intelligent hydroponic systems. This study proposes the design and implementation of a solar-powered, IoT-based smart hydroponic farming system that enables real-time monitoring and closed-loop environmental control. The system integrates multi-sensor measurements, including pH, DS18B20 temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), and light-dependent resistor (LDR) sensors, coupled with an on–off control strategy to regulate light intensity (115 ADC), water temperature (28 °C), pH (5.5-6.5), and nutrient concentration (840 ppm). A standalone photovoltaic energy subsystem, consisting of a 100 Wp solar panel and a 65 Ah battery, was designed based on a daily energy demand of 378.85 Wh to ensure continuous autonomous operation. Experimental results demonstrate high sensor accuracy, with measurement errors of 0.75% for pH, 0.095% for TDS, and 0.24% for temperature. Moreover, the proposed system effectively stabilizes environmental parameters within predefined setpoints, outperforming uncontrolled conditions. These findings confirm the system’s reliability and potential as a sustainable precision agriculture solution for off-grid hydroponic applications.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
M. Dutta et al., “Internet of Things-Based Smart Precision Farming in Soilless Agriculture: Opportunities and Challenges for Global Food Security,” IEEE Access, vol. 13, pp. 34238–34268, 2025, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3540317.
W. Muhammad, L. Faridah, and S. Sutisna, “Automated Nutrient Control and Monitoring System for Internet of Things (IOT)-based Hydroponic Towers,” Jurnal Informatika dan Teknik Elektro Terapan, vol. 13, no. 3S1, pp. 2830–7062, 2025, doi: 10.23960/JITET.V13I3S1.8101.
A. B. Vernandes, M. Muqorrobin, A. Wasono, H. Santosa, and P. Rahardjo, “Desain Sistem Monitoring Daya PLTS Untuk Tanaman Hidroponik Selada Lab Listrik,” Orbith: Majalah Ilmiah Pengembangan Rekayasa dan Sosial, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 138–144, 2025, doi: 10.32497/ORBITH.V21I2.6771.
H. Sudarso, A. Taqwa, and R. Kusumanto, “Design and Implementation of Solar Power System on Lettuce Hydroponic Greenhouse in Sekayu Musi Banyuasin Regency South Sumatera Province,” International Journal of Research in Vocational Studies (IJRVOCAS), vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 29–33, 2023, doi: 10.53893/IJRVOCAS.V3I2.208.
A. C. H. Austria, J. S. Fabros, K. R. G. Sumilang, J. Bernardino, and A. C. Doctor, “Development of IoT Smart Greenhouse System for Hydroponic Gardens,” International Journal of Computing Sciences Research, vol. 7, pp. 2111–2136, 2023, doi: 10.25147/ijcsr.2017.001.1.149.
P. B. S. Rao et al., “Automated IoT Solutions for Efficient Hydroponic Farming: Nutrients, PH and Lighting Management,” Journal Europeen des Systemes Automatises, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 1273–1283, Oct. 2024, doi: 10.18280/JESA.570503.
T. Melkysedek, E. Hesti, and I. Salamah, “Design and Build Hydroponic Installations and Applications Using IoT-Based Multisensors with Solar Panel Electrical Energy,” IJEIS (Indonesian Journal of Electronics and Instrumentation Systems), vol. 13, no. 2, p. 123, 2023, doi: 10.22146/IJEIS.87906.
I. I. A. Habibi, S. Wirayoga, M. Huda, and G. Y. Astono, “Modern Transformation in Agriculture for Onion Watering Automation with Solar Cell and IOT Technology,” JEECS (Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences), vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 149–158, 2024, doi: 10.54732/JEECS.V9I2.7.
R. Watiasih, H. Afianti, A. Arizal, and A. Ahmadi, “Solar-powered Mobile Robot for Monitoring Gas Distribution Pipe Leak Using IoT Application,” JEECS (Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences), vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 86–98, 2025, doi: 10.54732/JEECS.V10I1.10.
A. Sinhal, S. Choudhary, A. K. Sharma, K. Gautam, and A. Sharma, “A Novel Machine Learning Model for Dynamic Irrigation Scheduling in Water-Scarce Regions,” International Journal of Environmental Sciences, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 2021–2033, Aug. 2025, doi: 10.64252/13XPS114.
S. Qin, S. Zhang, W. Zhong, and Z. He, “Control Algorithms for Intelligent Agriculture: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions,” Processes 2025, Vol. 13, vol. 13, no. 10, 2025, doi: 10.3390/PR13103061.
T. Adamo, D. Caivano, L. Colizzi, G. Dimauro, and E. Guerriero, “Optimization of irrigation and fertigation in smart agriculture: An IoT-based micro-services framework,” Smart Agricultural Technology, vol. 11, p. 100885, 2025, doi: 10.1016/J.ATECH.2025.100885.
F. Dinegoro, Rusnam, and E. G. Ekaputra, “Rancang Bangun Hidroponik dengan Bantuan Pompa Bertenaga Surya,” Jurnal Teknik Pertanian Lampung, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 367–379, 2021, doi: 10.23960/JTEP-L.V10.I3.367-379.
A. H. Santoso, M. Saputra, F. Nur, and R. Hamka, “PLTS sebagai Backup Supply pada Plant Hidroponik Nutrient Film Tehcnique (NFT) Berbasis IoT,” Elposys: Jurnal Sistem Kelistrikan, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 19–23, 2023, doi: 10.33795/ELPOSYS.V10I1.1009.
A. H. Danarparasaji, S. I. Haryudo, T. Wrahatnolo, and M. Rohman, “IoT-Based Dual Axis Solar Tracker Design on Monocrystalline Photovoltaic for Hydroponic Plant Water Pump Power Supply,” Journal of Telecommunication Electronics and Control Engineering (JTECE), vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 77–87, Jan. 2025, doi: 10.20895/JTECE.V7I1.1636.
A. Riansyah, ; Muhammad Sagaf, and ; Munaf Ismail, “Penerapan Teknologi Smart Greenhouse Berbasis Photovoltaic dan IoT pada Budidaya Sayuran Hidroponik di Desa Pekalongan Jepara,” Abdimas Universal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 284–288, 2023, doi: 10.36277/ABDIMASUNIVERSAL.V5I2.342.
Y. Islamiati, T. Dewi, and Rusdianasari, “IoT Monitoring for Solar Powered Pump Applied in Hydroponic House,” International Journal of Research in Vocational Studies (IJRVOCAS), vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 22–30, 2022, doi: 10.53893/IJRVOCAS.V2I2.102.